@font-face{font-family:"Noto Naskh Arabic";src:url("NotoNaskhArabic-Regular.ttf") format("truetype");font-style:normal;font-weight:400;font-display:swap}@font-face{font-family:"Noto Naskh Arabic";src:url("NotoNaskhArabic-Bold.ttf") format("truetype");font-style:normal;font-weight:700;font-display:swap}*{box-sizing:border-box}html{scroll-behavior:smooth}body{margin:0;background:#fff;color:#181818;font-family:Inter,Arial,"Noto Naskh Arabic",sans-serif;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased}.topbar{min-height:78px;border-bottom:1px solid #e8e8e8;display:flex;align-items:center;gap:36px;padding:12px clamp(20px,4vw,64px);direction:ltr;position:sticky;top:0;background:rgba(255,255,255,.96);z-index:5}.identity{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:14px;color:#141414;text-decoration:none;white-space:nowrap}.brand-mark{width:44px;height:44px;flex:none}.brand-name{font-size:19px;font-weight:650;letter-spacing:-.02em}.primary-nav{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:30px;margin-left:auto}.primary-nav a{color:#777;text-decoration:none;padding:14px 0;font-size:15px}.primary-nav a:hover,.primary-nav .active{color:#181818}.primary-nav .active{box-shadow:inset 0 -2px #181818}.language-switch{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:10px;white-space:nowrap;font-size:15px}.language-switch a{color:#696969;text-decoration:none;padding:8px 2px}.language-switch a[aria-current=true]{color:#111;font-weight:650}.page-shell{max-width:1440px;padding:64px clamp(20px,4vw,64px) 96px;margin:auto;display:grid;grid-template-columns:244px minmax(0,1fr);gap:clamp(44px,7vw,104px);direction:ltr}.sidebar{border-right:1px solid #ececec;padding:0 32px 16px 0;align-self:stretch;direction:var(--text-direction,ltr)}.eyebrow{color:#8b8b8b;font-size:13px;letter-spacing:.04em;margin:0 0 18px}.sidebar h1{font-size:clamp(34px,4vw,50px);line-height:1.1;letter-spacing:-.04em;margin:0 0 18px}.intro,.side-note{font-size:16px;line-height:1.75;color:#777;margin:0}.profile{display:flex;gap:12px;align-items:center;margin:28px 0 32px}.avatar{display:grid;place-items:center;width:38px;height:38px;border-radius:50%;background:#f0eee9;color:#705b47;font-weight:700}.profile strong,.profile small{display:block}.profile strong{font-size:14px}.profile small{font-size:12px;color:#888;margin-top:4px}.sidebar hr{border:0;border-top:1px solid #e7e7e7;margin:28px 0}.sidebar h2{font-size:15px;margin:0 0 14px}.category-list{display:grid;gap:11px}.category-list button{border:0;background:none;text-align:inherit;color:#777;padding:0;font:inherit;cursor:pointer}.category-list button:hover,.category-list button[aria-pressed=true]{color:#181818}.content{min-width:0}.section-heading{display:flex;align-items:end;justify-content:space-between;margin:0 0 28px;direction:ltr}.section-heading .eyebrow{margin-bottom:9px}.section-heading h2{font-size:34px;line-height:1.15;letter-spacing:-.035em;margin:0}.post-count{color:#999;font-size:13px}.article-grid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(2,minmax(0,1fr));gap:48px 34px;direction:ltr}.article-card{min-width:0;display:flex;flex-direction:column;align-items:stretch;direction:var(--text-direction,ltr)}.cover{display:block;width:100%;aspect-ratio:1.78;border-radius:9px;background-image:url("covers.png");background-size:300% auto;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-color:#eee;overflow:hidden;margin-bottom:18px}.cover[data-cover="0"]{background-position:0 0}.cover[data-cover="1"]{background-position:50% 0}.cover[data-cover="2"]{background-position:100% 0}.cover[data-cover="3"]{background-position:0 69.565%}.cover[data-cover="4"]{background-position:50% 69.565%}.cover[data-cover="5"]{background-position:100% 69.565%}.card-meta{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:10px;color:#878787;font-size:13px;margin:0 0 11px}.card-title{font-size:clamp(21px,2vw,27px);line-height:1.35;letter-spacing:-.025em;margin:0 0 10px;font-weight:700}.card-summary{font-size:16px;line-height:1.75;color:#777;margin:0 0 15px}.card-byline{font-size:12px;color:#8c8c8c;margin:auto 0 0}.read-link,.text-link{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;gap:6px;margin-top:14px;font-size:14px;color:#242424;text-decoration:none;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;padding-bottom:3px;align-self:flex-start}.article-card[dir=rtl] .read-link,.article-card[dir=rtl] .text-link{align-self:flex-start}.read-link:hover,.text-link:hover{border-color:#181818}.about-card,.contact-card{border-top:1px solid #e7e7e7;margin-top:76px;padding-top:30px;max-width:670px}.about-card h2,.contact-card h2{font-size:30px;line-height:1.3;margin:0 0 14px;letter-spacing:-.025em}.about-card p:not(.eyebrow),.contact-card p{color:#777;line-height:1.8;font-size:16px;max-width:600px}footer{border-top:1px solid #eee;padding:24px clamp(20px,4vw,64px);display:flex;justify-content:space-between;gap:20px;color:#999;font-size:12px;direction:ltr}dialog{border:0;border-radius:12px;padding:0;width:min(760px,calc(100vw - 28px));max-height:92vh;overflow:auto;box-shadow:0 20px 80px #0003;color:#181818}dialog::backdrop{background:#12121277}.dialog-close{position:sticky;float:right;top:10px;margin:12px 12px -48px 0;border:0;border-radius:50%;width:36px;height:36px;background:#fff;font-size:26px;cursor:pointer;z-index:2}.dialog-cover{aspect-ratio:1.9;background-image:url("covers.png");background-size:300% auto;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-color:#eee}.dialog-cover[data-cover="0"]{background-position:0 0}.dialog-cover[data-cover="1"]{background-position:50% 0}.dialog-cover[data-cover="2"]{background-position:100% 0}.dialog-cover[data-cover="3"]{background-position:0 69.565%}.dialog-cover[data-cover="4"]{background-position:50% 69.565%}.dialog-cover[data-cover="5"]{background-position:100% 69.565%}dialog>.eyebrow,dialog>h2,dialog>.dialog-byline,dialog>.dialog-body,dialog>.source-link,dialog>.approved-note{margin-left:clamp(22px,6vw,56px);margin-right:clamp(22px,6vw,56px)}dialog>.eyebrow{margin-top:28px}dialog>h2{font-size:clamp(26px,5vw,38px);line-height:1.35;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:12px}dialog[dir=rtl]>.eyebrow,dialog[dir=rtl]>h2,dialog[dir=rtl]>.dialog-byline,dialog[dir=rtl]>.dialog-body,dialog[dir=rtl]>.source-link,dialog[dir=rtl]>.approved-note{text-align:right}.dialog-byline{font-size:13px;color:#888}.dialog-body{font-size:17px;line-height:1.9;color:#454545}.dialog-body p{margin:0 0 20px}.source-link{display:block;color:#777;font-size:13px;margin-top:26px;margin-bottom:30px;overflow-wrap:anywhere}.approved-note{border-top:1px solid #eee;padding:18px 0 24px;color:#777;font-size:12px}.mobile-title{display:none}html[lang=fa]{--text-direction:rtl;font-family:"Noto Naskh Arabic",Arial,sans-serif}html[lang=fa] .primary-nav,html[lang=fa] .topbar{font-family:Inter,Arial,"Noto Naskh Arabic",sans-serif}html[lang=fa] .sidebar{border-right:0;border-left:1px solid #ececec;padding:0 0 16px 32px}html[lang=fa] .sidebar h1,html[lang=fa] .sidebar h2,html[lang=fa] .intro,html[lang=fa] .side-note,html[lang=fa] .category-list,html[lang=fa] .section-heading>div,html[lang=fa] .card-title,html[lang=fa] .card-summary,html[lang=fa] .card-meta,html[lang=fa] .card-byline,html[lang=fa] .about-card,html[lang=fa] .contact-card{text-align:right}html[lang=fa] .sidebar{direction:rtl}html[lang=fa] .section-heading>div,html[lang=fa] .article-card,html[lang=fa] .about-card,html[lang=fa] .contact-card{direction:rtl}html[lang=fa] .card-meta{flex-direction:row}html[lang=fa] footer{font-family:Inter,Arial,"Noto Naskh Arabic",sans-serif}@media(max-width:980px){.topbar{gap:20px;flex-wrap:wrap}.primary-nav{gap:18px}.page-shell{grid-template-columns:205px minmax(0,1fr);gap:36px;padding-top:42px}.article-grid{gap:38px 24px}}@media(max-width:720px){.topbar{position:static;padding:14px 18px;gap:10px}.identity{flex:1}.brand-name{font-size:16px}.brand-mark{width:40px;height:40px}.primary-nav{order:3;width:100%;margin:0;justify-content:flex-start;gap:22px;overflow:auto}.primary-nav a{padding:8px 0}.language-switch{font-size:13px}.page-shell{display:flex;flex-direction:column;padding:30px 18px 62px;gap:34px}.sidebar{border:0!important;border-bottom:1px solid #ececec!important;padding:0 0 24px!important}.sidebar h1{font-size:34px}.sidebar h1 br{display:none}.profile{margin:18px 0}.sidebar hr,.category-list,.sidebar h2{display:none}.side-note{font-size:13px}.section-heading h2{font-size:28px}.article-grid{grid-template-columns:1fr;gap:38px}.cover{aspect-ratio:1.72;margin-bottom:15px}.card-title{font-size:24px}.card-summary{font-size:15px}.about-card,.contact-card{margin-top:52px}footer{flex-direction:column;padding:20px 18px}.dialog-cover{aspect-ratio:1.6}}
.read-link{border:1px solid #e4e1dc;border-radius:999px;background:#f7f6f3;padding:9px 15px;color:#292723;font-weight:600;transition:background-color .18s ease,border-color .18s ease,transform .18s ease}
.read-link:hover{background:#ef5b3e;color:#fff;border-color:#ef5b3e;transform:translateY(-1px)}
.read-link:focus-visible,.text-link:focus-visible,.language-switch a:focus-visible{outline:3px solid #ef5b3e;outline-offset:4px}
.language-switch{gap:14px}
.language-switch>span{color:#d3d0cb;font-size:12px}
.language-switch a{padding:9px 3px}
.language-switch a[aria-current=true]{box-shadow:inset 0 -2px #ef5b3e}
html[lang=fa] .page-shell{direction:rtl}
html[lang=fa] .section-heading,html[lang=fa] .article-grid{direction:rtl}

/* Night mode: explicit user choice, persisted locally. */
.theme-toggle{flex:none;border:1px solid #ddd;border-radius:999px;background:#fff;color:#333;padding:8px 14px;font:inherit;font-size:13px;cursor:pointer;white-space:nowrap}
.theme-toggle:hover{border-color:#ef5b3e;color:#b4422a}
:root[data-theme=dark]{color-scheme:dark}
:root[data-theme=dark] body{background:#171817;color:#eee}
:root[data-theme=dark] .topbar{background:rgba(23,24,23,.96);border-color:#333}
:root[data-theme=dark] .identity,:root[data-theme=dark] .primary-nav .active,:root[data-theme=dark] .language-switch a[aria-current=true]{color:#f4f1eb}
:root[data-theme=dark] .primary-nav a,:root[data-theme=dark] .language-switch a{color:#bbb}
:root[data-theme=dark] .primary-nav .active{box-shadow:inset 0 -2px #ef8a6c}
:root[data-theme=dark] .sidebar,:root[data-theme=dark] .sidebar hr,:root[data-theme=dark] .about-card,:root[data-theme=dark] .contact-card,:root[data-theme=dark] footer{border-color:#383a38}
:root[data-theme=dark] .intro,:root[data-theme=dark] .side-note,:root[data-theme=dark] .card-summary,:root[data-theme=dark] .card-meta,:root[data-theme=dark] .card-byline,:root[data-theme=dark] .profile small,:root[data-theme=dark] .about-card p:not(.eyebrow),:root[data-theme=dark] .contact-card p,:root[data-theme=dark] footer,:root[data-theme=dark] .post-count,:root[data-theme=dark] .eyebrow{color:#aaa}
:root[data-theme=dark] .category-list button{color:#bbb}
:root[data-theme=dark] .category-list button:hover,:root[data-theme=dark] .category-list button[aria-pressed=true]{color:#fff}
:root[data-theme=dark] .avatar{background:#383630;color:#f2d7ad}
:root[data-theme=dark] .read-link,:root[data-theme=dark] .text-link{color:#f2eee7;border-color:#666}
:root[data-theme=dark] .read-link{background:#282a28;border-color:#484a48}
:root[data-theme=dark] .read-link:hover{background:#ef5b3e;border-color:#ef5b3e}
:root[data-theme=dark] .theme-toggle{background:#292b29;color:#f4f1eb;border-color:#555}
:root[data-theme=dark] a:focus-visible,:root[data-theme=dark] button:focus-visible{outline-color:#ff9879}
@media(max-width:720px){.theme-toggle{padding:7px 11px;font-size:12px}}
.cover[data-cover="6"],.cover[data-cover="7"],.cover[data-cover="8"],.cover[data-cover="9"],.cover[data-cover="10"],.cover[data-cover="11"]{background-image:url("covers-next.png")}
.cover[data-cover="6"]{background-position:0 0}.cover[data-cover="7"]{background-position:50% 0}.cover[data-cover="8"]{background-position:100% 0}
.cover[data-cover="9"]{background-position:0 69.565%}.cover[data-cover="10"]{background-position:50% 69.565%}.cover[data-cover="11"]{background-position:100% 69.565%}
.portfolio-page{max-width:1120px;margin:56px auto 100px;padding:0 clamp(20px,5vw,64px)}.portfolio-page h1{font-size:clamp(38px,6vw,64px);line-height:1.15;margin:0 0 14px}.portfolio-lede{font-size:20px;line-height:1.8;color:#777;max-width:740px;margin:0 0 44px}.portfolio-topics{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(3,minmax(0,1fr));gap:32px;border-top:1px solid #e7e7e7;padding-top:26px}.portfolio-topic h2{font-size:20px;margin:0 0 10px}.portfolio-topic p{color:#777;line-height:1.8;margin:0}.portfolio-selected{margin-top:70px}.portfolio-writing-grid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(3,minmax(0,1fr));gap:28px}.portfolio-writing{display:flex;flex-direction:column;text-decoration:none;color:inherit}.portfolio-writing .cover{aspect-ratio:1.6;margin-bottom:14px}.portfolio-writing-title{font-size:20px;font-weight:700;line-height:1.45}.portfolio-writing-summary{font-size:14px;line-height:1.7;color:#777;margin-top:8px}:root[data-theme=dark] .portfolio-topics{border-color:#383a38}:root[data-theme=dark] .portfolio-lede,:root[data-theme=dark] .portfolio-topic p,:root[data-theme=dark] .portfolio-writing-summary{color:#aaa}@media(max-width:720px){.portfolio-page{margin:34px auto 64px;padding:0 18px}.portfolio-topics,.portfolio-writing-grid{grid-template-columns:1fr;gap:24px}.portfolio-lede{font-size:17px}.portfolio-selected{margin-top:48px}}